Translation and methods and approaches to interpretation.
The disciplines of language translation and interpretation service to make communication potential between speakers of different languages.
In the past there was a tendency to perceive the field of interpretation as translation, but the second half of the 20th century differentiation between the two sectors is needed.
As argued by many researchers, translation and interpretation can be seen as a process that allows the transfer of meaning from one language to anothe
r, rather than transferring the linguistic meaning of each word.
First it is necessary to understand the difference between the concepts of linguistic meaning and sense.
As defined by Boling and dry, "the word is the smallest unit of language that can be used by itself (Boling and dry, 1968:43). Each unit has a lexicological, which determines the value and identity of each word in a specific language.However this does not necessarily mean that the lexical units also correspond to signicatifs basic elements in a language because the meaning is usually carried by the units which may be smaller or larger than the word.
In addition each word corresponds to a phoneme. However, a phoneme may have many linguistic meanings, depending on how it connects to the rest of the speech. For example, the Italian translation of the English phoneme / born /, isolated from its context, can be "Cavaliere" (Knight) or "notte" (night). However,
notte" (night). However, if the speaker spoke of "a brave and chivalrous knight," there would be no hesitation in choosing the Italian translation "riding" rather than "notte".
Therefore Seleskovitch said that drawing a difference between linguistic meaning and feel is essential to remember that in the words of the floor to lose some of the meanings attached to their possible phonetic structure and to maintain their meaning only appropriate context.
In any way that even whole phrases that have a clear meaning language can pose problems if isolation in the context. Therefore during the act of communication automatically attaches the auditor's knowledge previously gained sounds of language, which immediately clarifies the meaning of the term. This addition is independent cognitive components and semantic discourse is another fundamental difference between significant and meaningful language.
This cognitive process is importantly cut down in the translation compared to interpretation, especially when dealing with ancient texts or unfamiliar, as a translator may take time to analyze every single word or phrase, preventing consciousness immediately identify the meaning of expression. Interpreters in place are limited by the urgency of the communication process and must grasp the significance regardless of equivalence to the word level.
The memory is another key part of communication because the listener maintains its previously acquired knowledge to grasp the meaning.
Seleskovitch also adds that the meaning is always aware. When we speak our own language choice of words was not deliberate. All that we can give the message of how we cage, and the result can change from one speaker to another. Therefore, there may be several ways to express the same idea but all expressions produced with this purpose reflect a particular form, resulting from the semantics of a specific language.
However the different languages do not have the same idea with the same semantic components and that is why a easy conversion from one language into the other can not be satisfactory translation or interpretation.
Seleskovitch argues that the words are meaningless unless there is an addition to cognitive name of the sender and recipient of the message.The words become signicatifs only once covered an object or concept. But words have different meanings in different languages do not associate the same words in more complicated designing the same thing in different languages. This is because the languages show only a part of our knowledge, therefore leaving concepts implicit Unspoken.
Therefore the cognitive addition is necessary.
For example, the English translation of literary expression Italian:
Recato of e del presidente Consiglio whether to have a Mosca.
be:
The President went to Moscow.
This translation misinterpret crucial information in the speech. In fact "Presidente del Consiglio" is one way to show the Italian prime minister.
So in most cases if the translation or interpretation was made only to a word that any expressions of product that ring very artificial natural target language or she twisted the meaning.
In encourage of this report I would like to show an example of how a verbatim translation of Italian into English can produce false expressions.
Consider the analysis in the Italian expressions following:
Ogni giorno to the killing of notizie of avere of Famm.
A translation back into English produce:
Let me have your new daily.
Although the new word (notizie) can be used in both languages in a similar way the English translation seems highly artificial. In English we can hear from someone, but not your or his or their news. However, even if the terms were translated as:
Let me hear from you daily, it does not sound spontaneous.
A natural probably would say:
I would like to hear from you daily.
Therefore the grammatical structure "fammi" and semantic components used in the first version would be replaced by alternatives most appropriate in English.
There are other cases where lexicological meaning of the word "notizia" would not have an equivalent in English.
From I giovani d'oggi notizia pił of the fanno not.
An English word to word of this phrase would be:
The youth of nowadays are now no brand new.
In the same meanings English language can not give the meaning of the first sentence. If translated as:
The youth of nowadays no longer in the news
the meaning of the "notizia Priceless Italian would be misinterpreted. A more accurate translation would be:
The youth of nowadays do hurts more.
This proves that translation and interpretation beyond the transfer of the linguistic meaning of each word from one language to another.